ISPH Nuclear Energy Practice Test

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• The negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus is called what?
• What does the double contingency principle require for criticality safety?
• What astronomical object has gravity so intense that nothing can escape, often formed from the death of massive stars?
• When nuclear fuel is gone, star collapses due to gravity.
• Define fuel burnup and state its common units.
• What is the function of containment isolation valves?
• What is the purpose of a HAZOP study in nuclear facilities?
• List two primary radiological hazards associated with spent nuclear fuel.
• The nucleus of a helium atom with a +2 charge is called what?
• In stellar evolution, which phase is characterized by hydrogen fusion occurring in a shell around the core, with the outer layers expanding?
• The percent remaining after n half-lives is calculated using which expression?
• Which materials are commonly used for control rods in PWRs?
• Which statement best describes the primary function of shielding in a nuclear facility?
• Which term describes the ability of radiation to pass through materials?
• What is the smallest particle of an element?
• The process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope?
• What is the primary purpose of a reactor containment building and which systems protect it?
• Very low-mass stars with less than about half the Sun's mass end their lives as dense helium white dwarfs.
• Which term refers to the center of the atom?
• Which factors determine the thermal efficiency of a nuclear power plant?
• What is LOOP and how does a nuclear plant address it?
• What is radon, and why is it a concern in occupational settings?
• The region with gravity so strong that light cannot escape, formed from a very massive star's collapse?
• Explain the concept of critical heat flux (CHF) in boiling heat transfer.
• Which particle is positively charged?
• In an environmental impact assessment for a nuclear facility, which element is typically included?
• Which statement correctly compares wet and dry spent fuel storage?
• What is the main purpose of containment in a nuclear plant?
• Which form of electromagnetic radiation is gamma ray?
• Which layer surrounds the radiative zone and transfers energy from it to the surface via convection currents?
• Which term best describes atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?
• The stage where a star expands and cools after exhausting core hydrogen, often appearing red.
• Which of the following is the correct numeric area of Texas in square miles?
• What particle is a high-energy, high-speed electron with a negative charge?
• What are the three basic radiation protection principles used to limit exposure in nuclear facilities?
• Which radiation is the most penetrating and can pass through the body?
• Boron worth is defined as which of the following?
• In a Pressurized Water Reactor, why is the primary coolant loop kept under high pressure?
• How is Pu-239 produced in a typical reactor?
• In a decay sequence, what is the starting element before decay called?
• Which term describes the death of a star more than 3 solar masses, ending in a supernova and producing elements up to uranium?
• The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy is called what?
• LOCA stands for Loss-of-Coolant Accident; what are typical mitigations?
• How does the rem relate to the sievert?
• What is the stable, hydrogen-fusing stage that comprises about 90% of a star's life?
• Which is the SI unit of dose equivalent?
• Which of the following best describes the containment protection systems?
• What is the hot core left behind after a low-mass star sheds its outer layers, before it cools?
• The stage where a contracting gas cloud begins to glow and contract, but fusion has not yet started.
• Define suction entrapment in a reactor coolant pump.
• If k_eff is less than 1, what happens to the neutron population over generations?
• MWd/tU is a unit used to express burnup. Which statement best describes MWd/tU?
• Why must decay heat be removed after shutdown?
• What term describes the material and/or energy emitted by an unstable isotope?
• What is the ICRP dose limit for occupational exposure?
• What constitutes a criticality accident and what general controls prevent such events?
• What is vitrification and its principle?
• What is burnup credit and why is it used in criticality safety for spent fuel storage?
• How does the choice of moderator affect reactor neutron spectrum and reactor physics performance?
• After three half-lives, which fraction remains of the original sample?
• What is the primary purpose of Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) in a nuclear plant?
• Which fundamental force causes protons to repel each other inside the nucleus?
• How is radiological risk communicated to the public and what is the role of an Emergency Planning Zone?
• What is Zircaloy and its role in LWR fuel design?
• What is the purpose of containment isolation in a nuclear plant?
• What is the purpose of a containment spray system during an accident?
• What is vitrification in high-level waste management?
• What is the term for the element produced after decay?
• An atomic nucleus that can undergo fission when struck by a neutron is described as what?
• Which term best describes the element produced after radioactive decay?
• Decay heat is best described as the residual heat from radioactive decay after reactor shutdown that must be cooled.
• What term describes the energy stored within the nucleus of an atom?
• Which description best matches LOOP mitigation strategies?
• What factors determine the choice of neutron shielding materials in a facility?
• Which coolant is commonly used in fast reactors?
• Which statement best describes shielding material selection and thickness rationale?
• Which term describes the death of a star with mass greater than about three solar masses, ending in a supernova?
• Which statement best describes k_eff and its meaning for subcritical, critical, and supercritical conditions?
• What is the purpose of containment penetration seals and gaskets?
• Distinguish between enrichment and reprocessing in the nuclear fuel cycle.
• What is neutron poisoning and what does boron worth represent in reactor control?
• Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
• What is a defining feature of a fast reactor compared to a thermal reactor?
• Which layer surrounding the stellar core transfers energy outward primarily by radiation?
• Why are licensing basis and safety margins essential in nuclear plant design?
• What is the minimum core temperature required for nuclear fusion to occur in stars?
• How does a BWR differ from a PWR in terms of coolant and steam generation?
• Which of the following is NOT a common neutron moderator?
• What is the purpose of a containment building in a nuclear plant?
• Which action is not part of boron dilution mitigation?
• What is the difference between natural circulation and forced circulation in reactors?
• Which term describes the energy absorbed per unit mass?
• The strong fission cross-section of U-235 for thermal neutrons implies reactors optimize for what condition?
• Which of the following is NOT a practical ALARA measure?
• Which sequence best represents the main stages of the nuclear fuel cycle from mining to disposal?
• Why is tritium a specific environmental concern?
• What is a heat sink in a nuclear power plant, and give two common examples?
• Which statement best describes passive safety features vs active safety features?
• What is the purpose of the pellet-to-clad geometry in LWR fuel design?
• Which pair is described as 'sisters of the sun' in the material?
• In beta minus decay, what is emitted when a neutron becomes a proton?
• What is the principle behind radiation shielding design and what factors determine shield thickness?
• What is the center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
• Which design principle helps prevent suction entrapment by the reactor coolant pump?
• What is decay heat and why must it be removed after reactor shutdown?
• What is the role of delayed neutrons in reactor control, and what fraction do they typically constitute in a thermal reactor?
• The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus is called what?
• What is the purpose of geological disposal for nuclear waste?
• What factors comprise burnup credit for spent fuel storage?
• Which type of radiation is not very penetrating, yet highly ionizing and can be represented by a helium-4 nucleus?
• What are the main risk and mitigations for recriticality in a spent fuel pool accident?
• What is the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor?
• Maintaining operating margins above CHF helps prevent what?
• What is the effect of increasing boron concentration on PWR core reactivity?
• What force primarily binds the nucleus together?
• What methods are used to model environmental releases from a nuclear accident?
• Which stellar phase is characterized by expansion to roughly 0.5 to 3 times the Sun's size and fusion of hydrogen into helium, ultimately leading to a carbon-oxygen white dwarf?
• Which process releases gamma radiation during a nucleus rearrangement?
• In ALARA practice, which formulation best reflects the relationship of levers to exposure reduction?
• What is the typical enrichment range of U-235 for PWR fuel?
• Briefly describe what a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) entails in nuclear safety.
• The neutral particle in the nucleus is called what?
• What principle states that matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change?
• What are the major consequences of a LOCA for core cooling?
• What is one expected outcome of conducting a HAZOP study in a nuclear facility?
• How do fission cross-sections depend on neutron energy for U-235, and why is this important?
• Which statement correctly contrasts PWR and BWR regarding the primary cooling loop and neutron moderation?
• Which statement best describes the primary purpose of a containment building?
• Distinguish between automatic reactor trip setpoints and manual reactor operator actions.
• In beta minus decay, a neutron converts to a proton and emits which particle?
• Which forces keep stars roughly the same size?
• Which term describes the element formed as a result of radioactive decay?
• What does the PUREX process produce?
• Which particle is negatively charged?
• Which particle is found in the nucleus with no electrical charge?
• What is Doppler feedback and how does it affect reactor reactivity with temperature changes?
• Which statement best describes effective half-life?
• What is ITER and what is its primary scientific objective?
• Which pair of elements are described as the most common in stars?
• Describe typical refueling strategies and cycle length considerations for a PWR.
• What is the term for the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay?
• Which category of radioactive waste includes contaminated tools and PPE?
• What is the heaviest element that stars can produce through fusion?
• What is the name of a rapidly rotating neutron star that emits beams of radio energy, X-rays, and visible light?
• A reactor scram test validates which capability, and when is it typically performed?
• What is the heat flux at which nucleate boiling becomes unstable, risking departure from nucleate boiling (DNB)?
• Which materials comprise typical fuel pellets and cladding in light-water reactors?
• Describe the primary and secondary coolant loops in a typical PWR.
• What is two-phase flow, and why is it relevant to reactor cooling?
• ALARA stands for which of the following?
• Which component is used to deliver borated water to the core during accidents?
• What is the glowing shell of gas ejected from a low- to medium-mass star at the end of its life called?
• Which model is commonly used for atmospheric dispersion in nuclear accident scenarios?
• Why is coolant chemistry important in nuclear reactors, and what are common control measures?
• In decay terminology, which term describes the element produced as a result of decay?
• Explain how heat transfer in a nuclear reactor relates to the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle plant.
• How does a boron dilution accident affect reactivity and what is a typical mitigation?
• ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable; what are the primary levers to reduce radiation exposure?
• In gamma shielding, attenuation with thickness is described by which relation?
• Which features characterize a CANDU (PHWR) reactor?
• Which statement best describes the role of containment during LOCA scenarios?
• Which stage in a massive star's life is characterized by an expanded, very bright outer envelope known as a red supergiant?
• What causes the core to shrink during a star's evolution?
• Which factor most directly determines the Rankine cycle's thermal efficiency?
• The term describing the ability of an alpha, beta, or gamma particle to pass through materials is:
• Which organization typically conducts safeguards inspections to verify compliance with nonproliferation treaties?
• What is the delayed neutron fraction (beta-effective) and why is it important for reactor control?
• What dosimetric units are commonly used to monitor air emissions and liquid releases?
• What is the term for a white dwarf that has cooled completely and no longer emits heat?
• Natural uranium contains about what percent U-235?
• What is the term for the notation that places the mass number at the top left of the element symbol and the atomic number at the bottom left?
• In a PWR, what is the primary function of the hot-leg?
• Using the light emitted by elements to identify them is called what?
• What is the typical role of cooling and storage in the fuel cycle?
• Which statement about PRA Level 1 is true?
• What is the dense, small remnant left behind after a supernova from a high-mass star, notable for a strong magnetic field and radio emission?
• Name a common heat sink in a nuclear power plant.
• Gamma shielding commonly uses which materials, and what is the shielding principle?
• Why are delayed neutrons important for reactor control?
• Alpha particles are identical to the nucleus of which element?
• Which operational practice is commonly associated with CANDU reactors?
• What is the effective multiplication factor k-effective?
• What term describes a nucleus capable of undergoing fission when struck by a neutron?
• In the context of radioactive decay, which term describes the element that results from decay?
• In modeling environmental releases from a nuclear accident, what does dose assessment across exposure pathways involve?
• What is the chemical symbol for iron?
• Which object is the birthplace of stars, a diffuse cloud of gas and dust?
• Cecilia Payne and Annie J. Cannon are described in the material as which of the following?
• Which statement is true about thermal reactors versus fast reactors?
• Probabilistic Risk Assessment levels Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3—what does Level 2 analyze?
• Define a thermal-hydraulic design basis and its importance for safety margins.
• The number of protons in the nucleus is called what?
• What is the role of IAEA safety standards in international nuclear safety?
• The expression used to calculate the percent remaining after half-lives is called what?
• What are activated corrosion products (ACPs) and how are they monitored?
• Which statement about reactor moderators is true?
• Which particle is the positively charged nucleus component?
• What is a SCRAM and when is it typically initiated?
• What astronomical object is a rapidly rotating neutron star that emits beams of energy?
• Which event marks the catastrophic end of a massive star when core collapse triggers an outward explosion?
• What is the primary function of emergency diesel generators in a nuclear plant?
• Why is redundancy important for cooling pumps and what is a typical configuration?
• What is the primary objective of ALARA?
• The stable phase where hydrogen fuses into helium in the core.
• Which chemical is commonly used as a neutron absorber in a spent fuel pool to prevent recriticality?
• The end state of the smallest stars, resulting in a dense, electron-degenerate remnant.
• A cloud of gas and dust that collapses to form new stars, with no fusion initially.
• What do diversity and redundancy mean in reactor safety instrumentation and control?
• In the nuclear fuel cycle, which stage directly follows mining and milling?
• What does k_eff = 1 signify in reactor operation?
• In a decay sequence, the term for the original element before any decay is called the
• Describe the dry cask storage mechanism for spent fuel and its shielding principle.
• What does burnup measure in spent nuclear fuel?
• Which statement reflects a safety implication of PWR design compared with BWR?
• Which term denotes the number of protons in the nucleus?
• Which term describes the region of the Sun where energy is transported outward by radiation in the inner layers?
• If k-effective > 1, the reactor is supercritical and power rises.
• SCRAM refers to which of the following actions?
• What is the typical magnitude and decay behavior of decay heat immediately after reactor shutdown in a modern PWR?
• What is the ICRP public dose limit?
• What term refers to energy stored in the nucleus of an atom?
• What is the safety injection system and what is its function during accidents?
• Which components are included in a typical safety injection system?
• What term describes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?
• What component provides initial borated water and helps maintain coolant inventory during a small LOCA?
• What is a key principle of radiation shielding design?
• In the life cycle of a massive star, which stage involves the star increasing in size and becoming very bright?
• Which category describes red, yellow, and blue stars with different lifespans?
• What is the approximate area of the state of Texas in square miles?
• The exposed hot, dense core left after a star dies is called what?
• Which type of stellar remnant results after a medium-mass star finishes its life and no longer fuses?
• Which process involves the emission of an alpha particle from a nucleus?
• Which statement best describes nuclear materials accountancy and safeguards?
• Which of the following describes the exposure pathways for radiation around a nuclear facility?
• In environmental impact assessment for a new nuclear facility, which element is typically included?
• Provide three practical steps to implement ALARA in day-to-day operations.
• What is radon and why is it a concern in occupational settings?
• In the context of reactor cooling, two-phase flow affects which of the following?